domingo, 22 de febrero de 2009

Tipos de osciladores de frecuencia

Todo microprocesador o microcontrolador requiere de un circuito que le indique a que velocidad debe trabajar. Este circuito es conocido por todos como un oscilador de frecuencia.
Podemos hacer uso de 4 tipos diferentes de osciladores:

- Oscilador tipo "XT" (XTal) para frecuencias no mayores de 4 Mhz.Después tenemos el oscilador tipo "XT" para frecuencias no mayores de 4 Mhz. En la imagen de la figura 27 podemos observar la configuración del circuito.

Conexiones básicas para un cristal de cuarzo

- Oscilador tipo "LP" (Low Power) para frecuencias entre 32 y 200 Khz.Este oscilador es igual que el anterior, con la diferencia de que el PIC trabaja de una manera distinta. Este modo está destinado para trabajar con un cristal de menor frecuencia, que, como consecuencia, hará que el PIC consuma menos corriente.

- Oscilador tipo "HS" (High Speed) para frecuencias comprendidas entre 4 y 20 MHz.Habremos de usar esta configuración cuando usemos cristales mayores de 4 MHz. La conexión es la misma que la de un cristal normal, a no ser que usemos un circuito oscilador como el relatado unas líneas más abajo, en la sección de Otras configuraciones.

Circuitos alternativos
A continuación expongo algunas configuraciones de oscilaciones distintos o parecidos a los anteriores, que se pueden emplear con tres de los cuatro modos de funcionamiento: XT, HS ó LS que deberán configurarse en los Fuses.


- Oscilador externo: En ciertas ocasiones disponemos una fuente de reloj que proviene de una fuente externa como puede ser un oscilador TTL o CMOS. La onda generada por esta fuente externa puede servir para poner en funcionamiento el PIC. En la siguiente figura tenemos la forma de conexionar la entrada digital a través de un inversor lógico.

Conexión de una fuente de señal externa. Como se puede observar, todos los circuitos oscilatorios que se conectan al PIC a través de una sola patilla, van conectadas a la entrada OSC1, dejando la entrada OSC2 abierta.


- Oscilador tipo "RC" (Resistor/Capacitor) para frecuencias no mayores de 5.5 Mhz. Por último tenemos el oscilador tipo RC que es el más económico por que tan solo se utiliza un condensador no polarizado y una resistencia. Este tipo de oscilador proporciona una estabilidad mediocre en la frecuencia generada y podrá ser utilizado para aquellos proyectos que no requieran precisión.



Conexión de la red R/C a la entrada OSC1

Es importante saber que para valores de resistencia menor a 4 K, el sistema se hace inestable o se podría detener la frecuencia de oscilación totalmente. Para valores de resistencias mayores a 100 Megas, el oscilador se hace susceptible al ruido, humedad y a la temperatura por lo tanto se recomienda que este tipo de oscilador se encuentre en el siguiente rango (5K < f =" R">

- Oscilador TTL
Este tipo de oscilador está basado en un Cristal que contiene toda la circuitería para generar una onda cuadrada. Este ha de ser conectado como si de un generador de señal externa se tratase. Al incluir toda la circuitería esto lo convierte en la opción más costosa; pero representa la forma más práctica por la cantidad de conexiones y por la precisión en la señal de reloj emitida. En la imagen de la figura 35 se muestra como debe conectarse al microcontrolador y las características del cristal. Estos tipos de cristales están diseñados especialmente para tecnologías TTL. La frecuencias disponibles para esta versión de cristal son muy amplias y las mas usuales son 1 - 1.8432 - 2 - 4 - 8 - 10 - 11.059 - 12 - 14.31818 - 16 - 20 - 25 - 32 - 33 - 40 - 50 - 80 y 100 Mhz.

Diagrama de conexión de un cristal de alta velocidad
Recurda de que según la frecuencia de la señal inyectada, debemos usar la opción LP para frecuencias comprendidas entre 32 y 200 KHz, la opción XT para frecuencias situadas entre los 100 KHz y los 4 MHz, y la opción HS para frecuencias comprendidas entre 4 y 20 MHz (dependiendo esta última de la velocidad máxima permitida por el PIC).

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